Understanding Sickle Cell Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Early Detection

gd shalomlifecare
Jul 31
2 min read

Sickle cell anemia is a serious inherited blood disorder that affects the hemoglobin in red blood cells, causing them to become rigid, sticky, and shaped like a crescent or sickle. This abnormal shape leads to a range of health problems, from chronic anemia to painful episodes and increased risk of infections.

Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia

Symptoms usually begin around six months of age and can vary widely between individuals. The most common symptoms include:

Anemia: Sickle cells die much sooner than normal red blood cells, leading to a chronic shortage and causing fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
Pain Crises: Periodic episodes of severe pain, known as pain crises or sickle cell crises, occur when sickle-shaped cells block blood flow in small vessels. These can affect the chest, abdomen, joints, and bones, and may last from hours to days.
Swelling of Hands and Feet: Especially in infants and young children, swelling (dactylitis) can be an early sign due to blocked blood vessels.
Frequent Infections: The spleen, which helps fight infections, can be damaged by sickle cells, making individuals more vulnerable to infections, including pneumonia and meningitis.
Delayed Growth and Development: Children may experience slower growth and delayed puberty due to chronic anemia.
Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes is common due to the breakdown of red blood cells.
Other Complications: These can include headaches, rapid heartbeat, vision problems, gallstones, and, in severe cases, organ damage or stroke.

Causes of Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the gene responsible for hemoglobin production. For a child to develop the disease, both parents must carry and pass on the sickle cell gene. If only one parent passes the gene, the child will have sickle cell trait but not the full disease.

Early Detection and Diagnosis

Early detection is crucial for effective management and improved quality of life. Key approaches include:

Newborn Screening: Many countries, including India, now include sickle cell screening as part of routine newborn care. A simple blood test from the baby's heel can identify sickle hemoglobin, allowing for early intervention.
Blood Tests: Hemoglobin electrophoresis and complete blood count (CBC) tests are used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of anemia.
Genetic Testing: This can determine whether a person carries one or two copies of the sickle cell gene, helping families understand their risk and make informed decisions.
Physical Examination: Doctors look for signs such as pale skin, jaundice, swelling, and an enlarged spleen or liver.

Why Early Detection Matters

Early diagnosis enables prompt treatment, such as antibiotics to prevent infections, pain management, and regular monitoring to reduce complications. With advances in medical care and increased awareness, people with sickle cell anemia can lead longer, healthier lives.